A Review on Dielectric Materials and Composites: Polarisation Effects, Synthesis Methods and Applications

Dielectric materials are key elements in modern electronic applications such as sensors, actuators and communication systems. This review consolidates the importance of dielectric polarisation effects, dielectric parameters, synthesis methods, matrix–filler interactions and emerging applications based on dielectric composite materials. This study provides a structured overview by identifying critical aspects of dielectric research, with emphasis on polarisation behaviour, synthesis approaches and practical applications. The interaction of electronic materials produces different polarisation effects that help in evaluating the dielectric nature of composites. A major factor in dielectric materials is the influence of energy storage capability with minimal electric field loss. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flow has been used to identify keywords and consolidate the most influential parameters of dielectric systems. Metallic, ceramic and carbon-based fillers are highly promising for tailoring the properties of dielectric composites. Recent studies have focused on the effects of the matrix, filler type, frequency, dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss. Furthermore, different synthesis methods are discussed in a simplified manner, highlighting the potential of advanced approaches, such as printing technologies, for preparing dielectric composites. Some composite systems demonstrate property tailoring according to research needs, offering reduced dielectric losses and improved permittivity for enhanced energy storage. Overall, dielectric composites have emerged as highly promising candidates for future applications, potentially as replacements for conventional dielectric materials.