Advancing sustainable heritage conservation: thermal performance and policy frameworks for laterite-based architecture in tropical climates

The study investigates the potential of laterite stone as a sustainable construction material, emphasizing its application in heritage architecture in Udupi, Karnataka. Through a detailed case study of the Shettybettu House, the research employs simulation-based methods using Design Builder and Energy Plus to compare laterite’s thermal and energy performance with conventional materials such as clay and cement blocks. The findings demonstrate that laterite’s high thermal mass significantly enhances indoor thermal comfort, reduces cooling energy demand, and contributes to energy efficiency in tropical climates. Laterite walls reduced annual cooling load by 6–8% compared to clay and concrete blocks under identical simulation conditions. Beyond its technical advantages, laterite embodies cultural and architectural identity, reflecting regional heritage and traditional craftsmanship. The study advocates for circular and eco-friendly practices by reusing existing laterite from heritage structures, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting resource efficiency. It also discusses policy implications, urging the integration of traditional materials like laterite into sustainable building guidelines to support resilient, culturally respectful architecture. Limitations identified include the need for long-term operational data and broader validation across diverse climates and building typologies. Overall, the research positions laterite stone as a viable, eco-friendly material that bridges heritage conservation with modern sustainable practices, fostering environmentally responsible and culturally meaningful construction.