Ameliorative role of bioactive compounds against lead-induced neurotoxicity

Lead (Pb) is an environmental toxin ubiquitously present in the human environment due to anthropogenic activities and industrialization. Lead can enter the human body through various sources and pathways, such as inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact, leading to detrimental health effects. The majority of lead that enters the body is removed by urine or feces; however, under chronic exposure conditions, lead is not efficient, as lead is absorbed and transferred to numerous organs, such as the brain, liver, kidney, muscles, and heart, and it is ultimately stored in mineralizing tissues such as bones and teeth. The central nervous system is the most affected among all the organs and systems affected, as lead is a known neurotoxin. Lead absorption is elevated in the fasting state than in the fed state. Chelation therapy, which is used to treat lead poisoning, has various adverse effects, making this treatment detrimental because it disrupts the levels of other essential elements and redistributes lead to various tissues. One of the main mechanisms by which lead induces toxicity is through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Hence, bioactive compounds that are the source of antioxidants if consumed along with ongoing lead exposure can ameliorate the toxic effects of lead.