An innovative hybrid load shifting and curtailing technique for operating a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle integrated microgrid system in a clean and cost-effective manner

Demand-side management (DSM) tactics such as load shifting (LSP) and load curtailment (LCP) improve energy efficiency in a low-voltage microgrid (MG). LCP encourages load reduction, whereas LSP directs elastic loads to low-cost times. The MG under consideration includes price-based (PBDR) and incentive-based demand response (IBDR), as well as a hybrid DSM (HDSM) that blends LSP and IBDR. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are also incorporated to reduce expense and pollution. LSP shifts 20% of elastic loads, while IBDR cuts 35 kW to counter PHEV demand. Optimal generator scheduling seeks to reduce costs and emissions across five load profiles, including base load. The minimum generating cost is reduced from $252 (base load) to $234, $246, and $230 for LSP, IBDR, and HDSM, respectively. Emissions remain at 2916 kg for base and LSP-based loads, while IBDR and HDSM reduce them to 2792 kg. Among all techniques, HDSM has the best trade-off, with a $237 generation cost and 3116 kg emissions.