Antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm properties of goji berry (Lycium barbarum) against periodontal bacteria: potential benefits for periodontal diseases

Objectives: Lycium barbarum, commonly known as goji berry, Himalayan berry, or Tibetian berry, is emerging as a popular "superfood"with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, its use for the management of oral inflammatory diseases has not been explored. The present study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm, and cytotoxic properties of an ethanolic extract of L. barbarum (LBE) against common oral and periodontal pathogens. Methods: The antimicrobial properties of LBE against five potential periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Tanerella forsythia) were tested and compared to chlorhexidine and doxycycline using serial dilution and disc diffusion assay. The MTT Assay was performed for evaluating the cytotoxicity and cell viability of the LBE on the gingival fibroblast and modified keratinocyte cell lines. The anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm properties of LBE against P. gingivalis at its minimal bactericidal value were also assessed. Results: LBE inhibited the growth of periodontal pathogens as compared to control, however, the zone of inhibition of LBE was less when compared to doxycycline and chlorhexidine. The de novo extract showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Tf and Aa. The LBE extract was also compatible to gingival fibroblast tissues and oral keratinocytes at 1 mg/mL. Conclusions: L. barbarum is a promising alternative to Chlorhexidine for the management of oral and periodontal infections.