Beyond graphene: the MXene era in bioprinting

3D bioprinting is a revolutionary technology that has recently emerged in the area of tissue regeneration owing to its ability to create complex tissue and organs for replacement. The requirement of various tissue types to offer patient-specific treatments is challenging; bioprinting uses a specialized material called ‘bioink’, which helps to address the issue. MXene, a well-known two-dimensional nanomaterial, has been gaining interest recently. It has been identified as a promising candidate in the field of tissue engineering because of its unique combination of different properties, such as biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and electrical conductivity. These are essential properties for the development of the next-generation bioinks. In this review, we report a comprehensive analysis of the latest advances in MXene-based bioinks in 3D bioprinting over conventional tissue scaffolding, focused on the materials' properties and their role in tissue regeneration. We highlight the ability of MXene in bioink, where MXene has the capacity to enhance cell growth by providing a conducive microenvironment for electrically active tissue, additionally supporting the 3D construct for stability. MXene in bioinks is advancing toward the field of tissue engineering for its application in therapeutic applications.