Bio-Nanocomposite Jute Fibre Epoxy With Hybrid Seaweed and MWCNT Fillers: Development and Tribological Optimization

Bio-nanoscience plays a transformative role in modern engineering applications by integrating biological resources with nanotechnology to create sustainable, high-performance materials. Natural fibres, bio fillers, and biopolymers, when combined with nanostructured reinforcements such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, or metal oxides, lead to the development of advanced bio-nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties. To develop wear-resistant materials suitable for packaging, transportation, and related industries, a jute fibre epoxy polymer composite filled with multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and seaweed filler was fabricated using the vacuum bagging method. The filler content was varied (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, and 9 wt%), and tribological performance was evaluated under different loads (10, 20, 30 N), sliding velocity (0.5, 1, 1.5 m/s), and sliding distances (400, 500, 600 m) with a pin-on-disc apparatus. Tribological characteristics were assessed in terms of the Coefficient of friction (CoF), Wear loss, and frictional force (FF). Among all compositions, the composite with 1.5 wt% MWCNTs and 1.5 wt% seaweed filler exhibited superior wear resistance, showing the lowest wear loss (0.015 g) under higher loads and moderate velocities. Coefficient of friction values ranged from 0.184 to 0.298, and the friction force peaked at 7.103 N under the influence of maximum load capacity and velocity. The minimum coefficient of values at higher loads suggests the formation of stable contact interfaces. The optimization of the composite materials through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA validation yielding minimized wear loss (0.0161 g), CoF (0.175), and frictional force (4.329 N) directly contributes to multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By utilizing bio-based fillers and nanotechnology, the developed materials support with Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure through advanced material engineering and performance optimization. Their eco-friendly composition aligns with SDG Responsible Consumption and Production by reducing dependence on conventional, non-renewable composites. Applications in packaging, transportation, biomedical devices, energy storage, and structural components contribute to Good Health and Well-Being) and Sustainable Cities and Communities through safer, lightweight, durable solutions. Moreover, integrating renewable bio-resources with nanotechnology promotes climate Action by lowering environmental impact and enabling sustainable engineering pathways. Overall, the synergy between green materials and high-performance design advances global efforts toward sustainable, resource-efficient technological development.