TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparing Stroke Profiles and Outcomes between Urban and Rural India
T2 - A Secondary Analysis of the SPRINT INDIA Trial
AU - Verma, Shweta Jain
AU - Karuthedathu Mana Sanal Kumar, Arya Devi
AU - Arora, Deepti
AU - Dhasan, Aneesh
AU - Sylaja, Padmavathyamma Narayanapillai
AU - Khurana, Dheeraj
AU - Vijaya, Pamidimukkala
AU - Ray, Biman Kanti
AU - Nambiar, Vivek
AU - Aaron, Sanjith
AU - Mittal, Gaurav Kumar
AU - Pai, Aparna R.
AU - Kumaravelu, Somasundaram
AU - Reddy, Yerasu Muralidhar
AU - Narayan, Sunil
AU - Borah, Nomal Chandra
AU - Das, Rupjyoti
AU - Kulkarni, Girish Baburao
AU - Huded, Vikram
AU - Mathew, Thomas
AU - Srivastava, Padma
AU - Bhatia, Rohit
AU - Ojha, Pawan Kumar
AU - Roy, Jayanta
AU - Abraham, Sherly Mary
AU - Vaishnav, Anand
AU - Sharma, Arvind
AU - Pathak, Abhishek
AU - Bhoi, Sanjeev Kumar
AU - Sharma, Sudhir
AU - Sulena, Sulena
AU - Saroja, Aralikatte Onkarappa
AU - Ramrakhiani, Neetu
AU - Kempegowda, Madhusudhan Byadarahalli
AU - Gorthi, Shankar Prasad
AU - Kate, Mahesh Pundlik
AU - George, Tina
AU - Sebastian, Ivy Anne
AU - Sharma, Meenakshi
AU - Dhaliwal, Rupinder
AU - Huilgol, Rahul
AU - Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 S. Karger AG, Basel.
PY - 2025
Y1 - 2025
N2 - Introduction: Stroke causes significant death and disability, with urban-rural disparities in healthcare and limited studies in India, despite its rural majority of 70%. The post hoc study aimed to explore differences in stroke profiles, risk factors, and outcomes between urban and rural participants using data from the Secondary Prevention by Structured Semi- Interactive Stroke Prevention Package in India (SPRINT INDIA) trial. Methods: The SPRINT INDIA trial was a multicenter randomized clinical trial across 31 Indian sites. Data were collected between April 28, 2018, and November 30, 2021. Index stroke patients, aged 18 and older, presenting within 2 days to 3 months of symptom onset, were randomized using a centralized web-based system into intervention or control groups. The intervention included SMS, videos, and an interactive educational workbook for secondary stroke prevention in 11 Indian languages. Baseline data captured in a case report form included participants' urban or rural locations. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint that included recurrent stroke, highrisk transient ischemic attack (TIA), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and all-cause mortality within 1 year after randomization. The trial is registered by Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03228979) and Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2017/ 09/009600). Results: The trial enrolled 4,298 sub-acute stroke patients, out of which 3,038 (70.68%) were followed up, of which 1,620 (53.32%) were urban and 1,418 (46.68%) were rural. The primary composite outcome (recurrent stroke, highrisk TIA, ACS, and mortality) was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas (61 [3.8%] vs. 34 [2.4%]; p = 0.018) at 1-year follow-up. All cases of high-risk TIA occurred in urban participants (p<0.001). Urban participants were more educated (795 [49.1%] vs. rural 394 [27.8%]; p<0.001), with higher rates of dyslipidemia (335 [20.7%] vs. 247 [17.4%]; p = 0.023), and higher body mass index (25.17 ± 4.31 vs. 24.76 ± 4.23; p = 0.008). Behavioral risk factors of alcohol intake and smoking tobacco were higher in rural patients compared to urban patients (65 [4.6%] vs. 73 [4.5%]; p<0.001 and 59 [4.2%] vs. 65 [4.0%]; p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Urban patients show higher stroke recurrence and lifestyle-related conditions, while rural patients facemore behavioral risks like smoking and alcohol use. To address these disparities, requires targeted interventions; urban patients would benefit from lifestyle-focused programs, such as dietary improvements and stress management. For rural patients, programs should focus on reducing behavioral risks like smoking and alcohol use through community-based education and accessible cessation support services.
AB - Introduction: Stroke causes significant death and disability, with urban-rural disparities in healthcare and limited studies in India, despite its rural majority of 70%. The post hoc study aimed to explore differences in stroke profiles, risk factors, and outcomes between urban and rural participants using data from the Secondary Prevention by Structured Semi- Interactive Stroke Prevention Package in India (SPRINT INDIA) trial. Methods: The SPRINT INDIA trial was a multicenter randomized clinical trial across 31 Indian sites. Data were collected between April 28, 2018, and November 30, 2021. Index stroke patients, aged 18 and older, presenting within 2 days to 3 months of symptom onset, were randomized using a centralized web-based system into intervention or control groups. The intervention included SMS, videos, and an interactive educational workbook for secondary stroke prevention in 11 Indian languages. Baseline data captured in a case report form included participants' urban or rural locations. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint that included recurrent stroke, highrisk transient ischemic attack (TIA), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and all-cause mortality within 1 year after randomization. The trial is registered by Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03228979) and Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2017/ 09/009600). Results: The trial enrolled 4,298 sub-acute stroke patients, out of which 3,038 (70.68%) were followed up, of which 1,620 (53.32%) were urban and 1,418 (46.68%) were rural. The primary composite outcome (recurrent stroke, highrisk TIA, ACS, and mortality) was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas (61 [3.8%] vs. 34 [2.4%]; p = 0.018) at 1-year follow-up. All cases of high-risk TIA occurred in urban participants (p<0.001). Urban participants were more educated (795 [49.1%] vs. rural 394 [27.8%]; p<0.001), with higher rates of dyslipidemia (335 [20.7%] vs. 247 [17.4%]; p = 0.023), and higher body mass index (25.17 ± 4.31 vs. 24.76 ± 4.23; p = 0.008). Behavioral risk factors of alcohol intake and smoking tobacco were higher in rural patients compared to urban patients (65 [4.6%] vs. 73 [4.5%]; p<0.001 and 59 [4.2%] vs. 65 [4.0%]; p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Urban patients show higher stroke recurrence and lifestyle-related conditions, while rural patients facemore behavioral risks like smoking and alcohol use. To address these disparities, requires targeted interventions; urban patients would benefit from lifestyle-focused programs, such as dietary improvements and stress management. For rural patients, programs should focus on reducing behavioral risks like smoking and alcohol use through community-based education and accessible cessation support services.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105008140285
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105008140285#tab=citedBy
U2 - 10.1159/000545675
DO - 10.1159/000545675
M3 - Article
C2 - 40239637
AN - SCOPUS:105008140285
SN - 1015-9770
JO - Cerebrovascular Diseases
JF - Cerebrovascular Diseases
ER -
