Comprehensive Review on the Effect of Biodiesel on Performance and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine

Most countries use biodiesel derived from vegetable oils to substitute fossil diesel. However, there are a few challenges and opportunities to improve biodiesel quality and reduce operating costs. New catalysts and energy-stimulant heating processes are being developed to increase biodiesel yield and reduce operating costs. The volatility and calorific value of biodiesel are low, so different types of additives are added to biodiesel to enhance these properties. The diesel engine produces more nitrogen oxides, fewer hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions when biodiesel has been used as the fuel. Because there are so many unsaturated fatty acids in biodiesel, it has a low level of oxidative stability, and hence, various synthetic antioxidants are added to enhance this property. The engine lubrication system has also been affected by biodiesel. The biodiesel reacts with components of the engine made of copper and rubber. Copper is more susceptible to corrosion than ferrous and aluminous materials. This paper critically reviews biodiesel production methods, the impact of catalysts on biodiesel production, the effect of biodiesel and additive-added biodiesel on the engine's performance, and other related issues related to emissions, challenges, and opportunities.