Curcumin-functionalized copper oxide nanoparticle laden biopolymer based macroporous cryogels for tissue engineering applications: Physicochemical and in vitro assessment

Advancements in nanotechnology have significantly contributed to the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, offering innovative solutions for biomaterial development and target drug delivery. In this study, curcumin-functionalized copper oxide nanoparticles were incorporated into biopolymeric porous scaffolds. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the successful functionalization of curcumin on copper oxide nanoparticles, as indicated by a characteristic peak shift to a lower wavelength. FESEM imaging revealed that functionalized nanoparticles exhibited an increased surface area and smoother morphology compared to unmodified copper oxide nanoparticles. Mechanical testing demonstrated a significant improvement in scaffold strength upon nanoparticle incorporation, with recorded compression strength and elastic modulus values of 0.38 ± 0.215 MPa and 0.45 ± 0.515 MPa, respectively. Swelling analysis indicated reduced water absorption, attributed to the hydrophobic nature of curcumin and nanoparticle-induced void occupation. Biocompatibility was assessed through in vitro cell viability studies using 3T3 cells, confirming the non-toxic nature of the scaffold. By the third day of incubation, approximately 90% cell viability was observed, demonstrating its potential for bio application. The antibacterial efficacy of the nanoparticle-loaded gels, as evaluated by the MIC against E coli and S aureus, revealed notable antimicrobial potential. This activity is primarily ascribed to the generation of reactive oxygen species, which exert oxidative stress by disrupting vital cellular structures and functions, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. These findings emphasize the potential of chitosan-gelatin cryogels reinforced with curcumin-functionalized copper oxide nanoparticles for tissue engineering practises. The study also highlights the pivotal role of nanotechnology in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin and advancing scaffold design to promote improved cell proliferation and tissue repair.