Development of Piperazine- and Oxazine-Linked Pyrimidines as p65 Subunit Binders of NF–κB in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF–κB) is a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. In the current study, a new class of oxazine– and piperazine–linked pyrimidines was developed as inhibitors of NF–κB, overcoming the complexity of the oxazine structure found in nature and enabling synthesis under laboratory conditions. Among the series of synthesized and tested oxazine–pyrimidine and piperazine–pyrimidine derivatives, compounds 3a and 5b inhibited breast cancer cell (MCF–7) viability with an IC₅₀ value of 9.17 and 6.29 µM, respectively. In silico docking studies showed that the pyrimidine ring of 3a and the 4–methoxybenzyl thiol group of 5b could strongly bind the p65 subunit of NF–κB, with the binding energies −9.32 and −7.32 kcal mol⁻¹. Furthermore, compounds 3a and 5b inhibited NF–κB in MCF–7 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, we herein report newer structures that target NF–κB in BC cells.