Enhanced Passive Cell Balancing Technique for Lithium Ion Battery Packs in Electric Two Wheelers

Electric two-wheelers, such as scooters and motorcycles, are gaining recognition as sustainable alternatives to traditional petrol-based vehicles because of their zero emission operation, cost effectiveness and low noise output. However, the performance and reliability of these vehicles are closely tied to the lithium ion battery pack, which can suffer from cell imbalance resulting from manufacturing inconsistencies, temperature variations and aging. This study addresses these issues by presenting an enhanced passive cell balancing technique that makes use of a shunt resistor circuit managed by a hysteresis threshold algorithm built into the Battery Management System (BMS). To assess the method, a Simulink based model of a three-cell battery pack is created. According to simulation results, the State of Charge (SoC) and cell voltage are effectively equalized, stabilizing at roughly 86.5% SoC and 4.04V after 11,000 seconds. By using a thermal mass of 100 J/K and a heat transmission coefficient of 5 W/(K•m2), the integrated thermal management system keeps the cell temperature close to 305.15 K. With a total energy dissipation of 27,007 J, the proposed model achieves an energy efficiency of roughly 97.04%.This proposed model enhances battery lifespan, safety, and operational efficiency, making it suitable for small scale electric two wheelers.