Evolution of transcranial magnetic stimulation services in psychiatry in India

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as the pivotal non-invasive neuromodulation technique for the diagnosis and treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. In India, the adoption and evolution of TMS services have been marked by significant research contributions and clinical advancements over the past three decades. This review synthesizes the historical development, current applications, and prospects of TMS services in psychiatry in India, drawing on a comprehensive analysis of all relevant Indian publications. The growth of TMS research, institutional contributions, clinical protocols, and challenges in implementation is explored, while highlighting the potential for personalized and scalable TMS interventions in the Indian healthcare landscape.