ExAq-MSPP: An Energy-Efficient Mobile Sink Path Planning Using Extended Aquila Optimization Algorithm

Wireless sensor networks play a crucial role in gathering data from remote or hard-to-reach locations, enabling real-time monitoring and decision-making in a wide range of industries and applications. The mobile sink path planning (MSPP) enables mobile sinks (e.g., drones or rovers) to navigate through the environment, collecting data from different sensor nodes, ensuring comprehensive coverage, and adaptively addressing changing conditions. Still, the energy-efficient routing with minimal delay is the challenging aspect. This research focuses on improving data gathering in wireless sensor networks by introducing an efficient routing protocol. In this proposed protocol, sensor nodes are initially deployed using Voronoi diagrams to ensure uniform network coverage. The network is then divided into clusters using the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm for energy-efficient routing. To optimize the path planning of a mobile sink for data collection, we introduce the extended Aquila (ExAq) optimization algorithm, which uses a multi-objective fitness function considering factors such as delay, residual energy, link quality, priority, and distance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ExAq-MSPP protocol in terms of reduced delay, improved network lifetime, higher packet delivery ratio, enhanced residual energy, and increased throughput compared to existing protocols with the values of 1.169, 99.857, 99.920, 0.997, and 255.306, respectively. Thus, the energy-efficient routing and optimizing path planning for mobile sinks, the proposed ExAq-MSPP protocol can extend network lifetime, increase data accuracy, and provide more robust performance under changing environmental conditions.