Exploring the synergistic effects of quartz powder and GGBS in sustainable standard strength concrete: insights from carbonation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

This study investigates the use of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and quartz powder as partial cement substitutes to lessen the carbon footprint associated with concrete production. Rich in silica, quartz powder improves stability, lowers water requirements, and speeds up hydration, while GGBS, a by-product of steel production, increases durability and strength. The study examines different quartz powder replacement ratios (0–25%) and reliable GGBS replacement while maintaining a water-to-cement ratio of 0.50. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were among the tests performed; the outcomes were displayed as Nyquist and Bode plots. Evaluation of carbonation resistance further showed that the ideal mix at 15% replacement improved durability, decreased porosity, increased density, and produced superior mechanical and environmental performance.