Fuel cell-powered nano grid frequency deviation control using a 2 PD-PID control scheme

In this article, a new control algorithm is proposed for the frequency control of a fuel cell-powered nano grid. The proposed control algorithm amalgamates the 2 degrees of freedom PD (2 PD) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control schemes leading to 2 PD-PID. The optimal values of design parameters of 2 PD-PID controllers are estimated using different optimization techniques. The convergence performance of particle swarm optimization (PSO) is found to be better compared to Gorilla Troop Optimizer (GTO), African Vultures Optimization Algorithms (AVOA), and Geometric Mean Optimizer (GMO). The PI, PID, 2 degrees of freedom PI (2PI), and 2 degrees of freedom PID (2 PID) control schemes are also designed for comparative analysis. Results show that the proposed control scheme attains a lower settling time value (1.2374e-06 s) and peak time (1.2262e-06 s) than PI, PID, 2 PI, and 2 PID. Furthermore, 2 PD-PID control schemes improve the IAE and ISE at 86%–98% and 83%–97% with respect to other control schemes for continuous change in the load conditions. Finally, it can be interpreted that the 2 PD-PID control scheme is robust, efficient, and effective compared to other designed control schemes.