Geospatial and multi-criteria decision-making approach for optimal site selection of solar/wind desalination plants in Oman

Desalination plants are being constructed due to the growing demand for drinkable water worldwide. This study identified the best locations for desalination systems using renewable sources across Oman via a spatial multicriteria analysis. The results show two main sites for wind-based desalination and five main sites for solar-powered desalination, with most located near coastal areas with favorable geographical features for seawater pumping. These sites are well-positioned for integration into the national grid and are near existing transportation and transmission networks. The central coastal region around Duqm is identified as the most promising area for wind and solar energy-coupled desalination due to its renewable resources, proximity to the national 400-kilovolt transmission network, and access to seaport infrastructure. Other identified regions include Sur and Ash Shuwaymiyyah, both with great solar energy capacity and proximity to populated areas. Despite higher distribution costs, these sites have long-term benefits in energy generation, freshwater supply, and agricultural development. The findings provide a solid foundation for sustainable water solutions and further work with Oman's renewable energy strategy at the national level.