Holistic survey on energy aware routing techniques for IoT applications

Context: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm in which real-world things are connected to the Internet for efficient processing, control, and communication without the need for human interaction. Due to the growing number of heterogeneous physical objects such as sensors, RFID, and other devices that are used in several IoT applications, including health care, transportation, smart cities, industries, and other applications generate a large amount of data. To process this data over the network, energy-aware routing has become a critical issue because objects are equipped with energy-constrained batteries, which have a significant impact on the network's performance, quality, and lifetime. Objective: This survey aims to study the current research on energy-aware routing protocols and algorithms that require less energy consumption during data transmission, issues and challenges in routing, and future research direction in IoT. Method: A systematic search of the relevant literature was conducted, and 120 articles were chosen based on various IoT energy-efficient routing approaches. Result: The majority of the articles are cluster based on a homogeneous environment (60%), followed by tree-based using RPL (25%), multipath, and QoS-based research (10%). Protocols based on SDN account for (3%), opportunistic and energy harvesting (2%). Conclusion: The results of this survey show that in the expansion of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, diverse energy-aware routing protocols and algorithms in IoT applications have become a difficult topic. In recent years, there have been numerous outstanding challenges and research gaps that require further investigation. In order to deliver valuable and trustworthy energy-aware routing in an IoT environment, tools, measurements, and evaluation research are required.