Kinetic behaviour and fast pyrolysis of Tamarindus indica seeds using Py-GC–MS

This study explored the kinetic parameters, behaviour, and fast pyrolysis of Tamarindus indica seeds (TS). The kinetics and pyrolysis studies were performed in a TGA at distinct heating rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 °C min⁻¹) and a Py-GC–MS analyser. Six model-free methods (KAS, OFW, ST, DAEM, VM, and CR) were used to investigate the kinetics parameters of TS. The AAE from KAS, OFW, ST, DAEM, VM, and CR techniques originated to be 136.38, 145.86, 146.44, 161.56, 128.57, and 22.43 kJ/mol at n = 1, and 44.33 kJ/mol at n = 2.6. Further, Py-FTIR results of TS confirmed that the maximum decomposition occurred between 4 and 8 s. Py-GC–MS analysis showed maximum hydrocarbon and phenol production at 550 °C, compared to 450 and 650 °C. The characterisation of biochar showed that the biochar produced at 650 °C exhibited an enhanced surface structure compared to those produced at 450 °C and 550 °C.