Nurse training in the era of Industry 5.0: Evidence from a systematic literature review(2015–2024)

Aim: This review synthesises evidence on nurse training effectiveness and examines the alignment of contemporary training approaches with Industry 5.0 principles. Background: Industry 5.0 emphasises human-centric and sustainable integration of advanced technologies, reshaping healthcare and nursing practice. Nurses increasingly operate in hybrid environments that combine digital tools, AI-assisted systems and patient-centred care. Although technology-enhanced learning is widely adopted in nursing education, evidence on training effectiveness remains fragmented and often limited to short-term outcomes, with insufficient theoretical and contextual integration. Design: Systematic literature review. Methods: Seventy-nine studies published between 2015 and 2024, including 72 empirical and 7 theoretical papers, were reviewed in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The Theories, Contexts, Characteristics and Methods (TCCM) framework was applied to analyse training modalities, implementation settings, learner characteristics and methodological approaches. Results: Simulation, virtual and augmented reality, AI-assisted learning and blended instruction showed positive effects on knowledge, technical competence and engagement. However, theoretical grounding was inconsistently applied, longitudinal evaluation was limited and adaptive and inclusive training designs were underdeveloped. Evidence largely focused on short-term quantitative outcomes. Conclusions: While technological innovation has expanded nurse training methods, alignment with Industry 5.0 remains partial. Greater emphasis on theory-driven design, contextual sensitivity and longitudinal evaluation is required to support human-centric and sustainable nurse training.