Optimal fractional order automatic generation control including an excitation system for hybrid interconnected grids

The growing complexity of hybrid interconnected power systems (IPSs) demands the implementation of advanced control strategies to optimize performance and improve system reliability. This study introduces a new approach by utilizing a novel advanced controller design to stabilize a combination of both frequency and voltage circuits (i.e., automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for a hybrid AC/DC IPS. A novel hybrid optimization technique was employed to estimate the parameters of the proposed cascaded fractional order proportional integral-fractional order proportional integral derivative double derivative (CFOPI-FOPIDD²) controller via the assistance of a proposed objective function. The hybrid technique consists of two different types of algorithms: the secretary bird optimization algorithm and pattern search. The objective function is created utilizing the integral of time square error (ITSE), overshoot, undershoot, and settling time, with suitable weight factors. Initially, the suggested design of AGC-AVR for a hybrid dual-area IPS, including renewable energy sources and electric vehicles, was investigated. The outcomes indicated that the CFOPI-FOPIDD² controller surpasses the current AGC-AVR controllers. For example, The CFOPI-FOPIDD² controller enhances AGC-AVR performance by 60.5% over the DO-FOPI-PIDD² controller and 81% over the adaptive fuzzy PID (AFPID) controller. Moreover, a comparison analysis was carried out between the CFOPI-FOPIDD², PID, and FOPID controllers under various conditions. As expected, CFOPI-FOPIDD² showed its superiority over those controllers. The proposed approach was examined in the AGC-AVR system, where AVR is a double-input single-output (DISO) and in a hybrid six-area IPS with nonlinearity. The outcomes demonstrated that the suggested approach can effectively handle these types of IPS.