Prophylactic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed extract on inflammatory markers and histopathological changes in high-fat-fed ovariectomized rats

Background and aim: Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds (TFG) are used as spices in Indian cuisine. In Indian traditional medicine, TFG is used to treat diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, arthritis, cancer, digestive disorders, and postmenopausal conditions. Pathophysiology of postmenopausal diseases involves low-grade systemic inflammation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prophylactic effect of petroleum ether fraction of TFG-extract (PE-TFG) on inflammatory markers, and histopathological changes in ovariectomized rats (OVX-rats) fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Experimental procedure: OVX female Sprague Dawley rats were used for the study. Three weeks after ovariectomy, rats were randomized in different groups and administered PE-TFG, atorvastatin, diosgenin, 17β-estradiol for 12 weeks along with HFD. The sham-operated rats (S.OVX) were fed with a standard pellet diet. At the end of 12-weeks, rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were used to estimate lipid profile, glucose, hepatic markers, TNF-α, and leptin. Liver, kidney, and common carotid artery were isolated for testing oxidative stress markers, mRNA expression of adiponectin, PPAR-γ, and histopathological changes. Results: Administration of PE-TFG significantly decreased (P < 0.05) total cholesterol, LDL, hepatic markers, leptin, TNF-α and improved mRNA expression of adiponectin and PPAR-γ in HFD-fed OVX-rats. Further, micro and macro hepatic steatosis, inflammation, glomerular hypertrophy, degenerated tubules in kidney, increased tunica intima, and media thickness of common carotid artery and the pathological changes were not significant upon PE-TFG administration compared to S.OVX-rats. Conclusion: PE-TFG protects cellular inflammation and metabolic alternations in HFD-fed OVX-rats and thus can be explored further in postmenopausal diseases as a prophylactic agent.