Recent advancements in nanoconstructs for the theranostics applications for triple negative breast cancer

Cancer is a major public health concern worldwide; it is the second-highest cause of death in the United States. According to projections of cancer incidence and mortality rates throughout the world for the year 2023, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is expected to be the leading cause of cancer related death among women worldwide. Traditional strategies for the treatment of TNBC have many drawbacks, such as drug resistance, toxicity etc. Discovering novel treatment delivery techniques and researching innovative, efficient drug delivery methods is important. This review discusses the types and subtypes of TNBC. The problems associated with standard therapies, mechanism of drug resistance for TNBC and highlights the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. It provides information on the relative prevalence and severity of TNBC in the world of cancer. Several treatment approaches viz. targeted therapy, gene therapy, bacterial-mediated therapy, nanomedicine, immune checkpoint inhibitors, theranostic, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, herbal therapy, and AI-based treatment for TNBC, are discussed in detail. Additionally, diagnostic techniques, including imaging and biopsy, gene expression profiling, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computed tomography scan, positron emission tomography scan, and immunohistochemistry, have been discussed in the review for effective cancer treatment. This in-depth analysis highlights the need for innovative and individualized TNBC care methods to serve patients better.