Recent advancements of light-emitting diodes in dairy industries

Background: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are an emerging energy-efficient technology with diverse applications in various industries, including food processing and preservation. While extensively studied in general food-related contexts, the specific role of LEDs in the dairy industry remains underexplored. The unique properties of LEDs, such as tunable wavelengths, non-thermal operation, and extended lifespan, offer significant advantages for dairy processing and production. These attributes present opportunities to enhance product quality, safety, and efficiency in dairy. Scope and approach: This review examines the multifaceted roles of LEDs in the dairy industry, highlighting their potential applications in processing, preservation, and farming practices. The study explores key areas where LEDs contribute to improving milk quality, extending shelf life, enhancing hygiene through ultraviolet-C (UV-C) sterilization, and optimizing lighting conditions for dairy cattle welfare and productivity. Additionally, the application of LED-based spectroscopy for real-time analysis and quality control in milk production is discussed. Furthermore, the review extends beyond milk to include discussions on the application and benefits of LED technologies in other dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, particularly in relation to microbial safety, product maturation, and sensory characteristics. The review also identifies existing research gaps and challenges that hinder widespread adoption, such as the need for wavelength optimization, cost considerations, and awareness issues. Key findings and conclusions: LEDs offer promising benefits for the dairy industry by reducing photo-oxidation and microbial spoilage, thereby improving milk quality and extending shelf life. The use of ultraviolet-C-light emitting diodes (UV-C LEDs) for surface and equipment sterilization enhances hygiene standards in dairy processing. Additionally, optimized lighting conditions in dairy farming have been shown to impact animal welfare and milk production positively. LED-based spectroscopic technologies further enable advanced real-time monitoring and detection of contaminants, improving overall quality control measures.