Review on Antimicrobial Resistant Genes, Mechanisms and Next-Generation Antibiotics for effective treatment of MDR Pathogens

Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to human health, food and economic development. It has extended beyond sex, age and geographical location. Though antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally, it has also been caused due to misuse and overuse of antibiotics. The threat involves the rapid extension of the infections and the limited number of drugs available for the treatment. Bacteria also exhibit adaptation, genomic alterations, competency and individual mutational variations conferring the sensitivity towards antibiotics leading to increased morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospitalization and excessive hospital charges and the economic burden on the nation's productivity. This global hit problem had caused the lack of development of novel drugs, time-consuming process, limitations for novel drug discovery and challenging regulatory requirements. This study focuses on understanding and exploiting the significant information on genes involved in prioritized antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a novel class of next-generation antibiotics. It also elaborates on the other treatment measures available and drug repurposing.