Role of real-time PCR for detection of tuberculosis and drug resistance directly from clinical samples

Background Only a few studies done earlier in India reveal the utility of real-time PCR in detecting drug resistance in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Objectives The study was carried out to standardise real-time PCR (Quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) targeting 16s RNA for the rapid detection of tuberculosis and its drug resistance from suspected TB patients. Materials and methods Sputum samples from 100 clinically suspected tuberculosis patients, after processing were subjected to microscopy, MGIT culture and qPCR. qPCR targeted 16sRNA for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, KatG and rpoB genes for detection of resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin respectively. 1% proportionate method and Line probe assay (Hain Lifesciences, Nehren, Germany) were used to confirm the MDR isolates. Results The study showed positivity of microscopy, culture and qPCR for M. tuberculosis as 37%, 44% and 46% respectively. Sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96.5% in the detection of M. tuberculosis was observed for qPCR in comparison to culture. MDRTB was detected in 14 cases whereas monoresistance to rifampicin and isoniazid was detected in 1 and 3 samples respectively. Conclusion Real-time PCR targeting 16sRNA, KatG and rpoB is a sensitive, specific, rapid and reliable technique to detect pulmonary tuberculosis and its MDR status directly from the sputum samples.