Sensing of ultra-ppm level NO2 gas via synergistic effects of Cr doping and e-beam irradiation in WO3 nanostructures

Anusha; P. Poornesh; Vikash Chandra Petwal; Vijay Pal Verma; Jishnu Dwivedi

doi:10.1039/d5ma00330j

Sensing of ultra-ppm level NO₂ gas via synergistic effects of Cr doping and e-beam irradiation in WO₃ nanostructures

Anusha
, P. Poornesh^*
, Vikash Chandra Petwal
, Vijay Pal Verma
, Jishnu Dwivedi

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Herein, we report the effects of Cr doping and electron beam irradiation (EBI) on WO₃ thin films towards low-level detection of NO₂. Structural, morphological, and defect correlations are presented to provide a comprehensive understanding of the film's properties. XRD and Raman analyses confirmed the formation of well-crystallized WO₃ films due to doping and irradiation. Photoluminescence analysis validated the presence of oxygen vacancy (V_o) defects in the films which was further corroborated by XPS studies. The EBI Cr-WO₃ film exhibited a higher concentration of V_o defects and smaller grain sizes, contributing to enhanced sensing performance. A maximum sensor response of 3.43 was achieved at an NO₂ concentration of 5 ppm. Theoretical limit of detection (LOD) calculations indicated ultra-low NO₂ detection capability at 0.4 ppm (400 ppb), highlighting the potential of the prepared film for applications in environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, and industrial settings.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	5100-5113
Number of pages	14
Journal	Materials Advances
Volume	6
Issue number	15
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ma00330j
Publication status	Published - 28-07-2025

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Chemistry (miscellaneous)
General Materials Science

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title = "Sensing of ultra-ppm level NO2 gas via synergistic effects of Cr doping and e-beam irradiation in WO3 nanostructures",

abstract = "Herein, we report the effects of Cr doping and electron beam irradiation (EBI) on WO3 thin films towards low-level detection of NO2. Structural, morphological, and defect correlations are presented to provide a comprehensive understanding of the film's properties. XRD and Raman analyses confirmed the formation of well-crystallized WO3 films due to doping and irradiation. Photoluminescence analysis validated the presence of oxygen vacancy (Vo) defects in the films which was further corroborated by XPS studies. The EBI Cr-WO3 film exhibited a higher concentration of Vo defects and smaller grain sizes, contributing to enhanced sensing performance. A maximum sensor response of 3.43 was achieved at an NO2 concentration of 5 ppm. Theoretical limit of detection (LOD) calculations indicated ultra-low NO2 detection capability at 0.4 ppm (400 ppb), highlighting the potential of the prepared film for applications in environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, and industrial settings.",

author = "Anusha and P. Poornesh and Petwal, \{Vikash Chandra\} and Verma, \{Vijay Pal\} and Jishnu Dwivedi",

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doi = "10.1039/d5ma00330j",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Sensing of ultra-ppm level NO2 gas via synergistic effects of Cr doping and e-beam irradiation in WO3 nanostructures

AU - Anusha,

AU - Poornesh, P.

AU - Petwal, Vikash Chandra

AU - Verma, Vijay Pal

AU - Dwivedi, Jishnu

PY - 2025/7/28

Y1 - 2025/7/28

N2 - Herein, we report the effects of Cr doping and electron beam irradiation (EBI) on WO3 thin films towards low-level detection of NO2. Structural, morphological, and defect correlations are presented to provide a comprehensive understanding of the film's properties. XRD and Raman analyses confirmed the formation of well-crystallized WO3 films due to doping and irradiation. Photoluminescence analysis validated the presence of oxygen vacancy (Vo) defects in the films which was further corroborated by XPS studies. The EBI Cr-WO3 film exhibited a higher concentration of Vo defects and smaller grain sizes, contributing to enhanced sensing performance. A maximum sensor response of 3.43 was achieved at an NO2 concentration of 5 ppm. Theoretical limit of detection (LOD) calculations indicated ultra-low NO2 detection capability at 0.4 ppm (400 ppb), highlighting the potential of the prepared film for applications in environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, and industrial settings.

AB - Herein, we report the effects of Cr doping and electron beam irradiation (EBI) on WO3 thin films towards low-level detection of NO2. Structural, morphological, and defect correlations are presented to provide a comprehensive understanding of the film's properties. XRD and Raman analyses confirmed the formation of well-crystallized WO3 films due to doping and irradiation. Photoluminescence analysis validated the presence of oxygen vacancy (Vo) defects in the films which was further corroborated by XPS studies. The EBI Cr-WO3 film exhibited a higher concentration of Vo defects and smaller grain sizes, contributing to enhanced sensing performance. A maximum sensor response of 3.43 was achieved at an NO2 concentration of 5 ppm. Theoretical limit of detection (LOD) calculations indicated ultra-low NO2 detection capability at 0.4 ppm (400 ppb), highlighting the potential of the prepared film for applications in environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, and industrial settings.

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UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105008988597#tab=citedBy

U2 - 10.1039/d5ma00330j

DO - 10.1039/d5ma00330j

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SN - 2633-5409

VL - 6

SP - 5100

EP - 5113

JO - Materials Advances

JF - Materials Advances

IS - 15

ER -

Sensing of ultra-ppm level NO₂ gas via synergistic effects of Cr doping and e-beam irradiation in WO₃ nanostructures

Abstract

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