Sensors for therapeutic drug monitoring for ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin is a widely used broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the class fluoroquinolones, known for its activity against both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Owing to its effectiveness, cost and availability, ciprofloxacin is routinely administered to human and veterinary medicine while 40-50% is excreted in its active form to the environment. Self-administration, empirical diagnosis and inappropriate use of ciprofloxacin has contributed to prevalence of resistance in bacteria making therapeutics and prognosis with this antibiotic challenging. To ensure its most effective use, therapeutic drug monitoring of ciprofloxacin is necessary, especially in critical care. This study employs screen printed carbon electrode and screen-printed gold electrodes to detect ciprofloxacin. The pH values of the solution were optimized to pH 5 for SPCE and pH 6 for SPGE. Further cyclic voltammetry analysis was conducted across various concentrations at the optimized pH values for both the sensors. The sensors could detect ciprofloxacin up to 100μg/mL. Similarly, analysis was conducted using synthetic urine samples, which demonstrated a detection limit of 100μg/mL. Additionally, recovery study was also carried out, demonstrating a RSD less than 10% in all cases, depicting its further use in bed side therapeutic drug monitoring.