TY - JOUR
T1 - The Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Photobiomodulation Against Neurodegenerative Diseases
T2 - A Systematic Review
AU - Bathini, Mayukha
AU - Raghushaker, Chandavalli Ramappa
AU - Mahato, Krishna Kishore
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India, and TIFAC-CORE, DST, Govt. of India, for creating the necessary infrastructure and facilities at Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal, that was used in the present study. Authors would also like to thank Dr. K. Satyamoorthy, Director, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, for his encouragement and support. One of the authors, CRR would like to thank MAHE for providing financial support under Dr. TMA Pai Structured Phd Scheme and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Goverment of India, for providing Senior Research Fellowship (Sanction No-5/3/8/ITR-F/2018-ITR).
Funding Information:
The authors thank Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India, and TIFAC-CORE, DST, Govt. of India, for creating the necessary infrastructure and facilities at Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal, that was used in the present study. Authors would also like to thank Dr. K. Satyamoorthy, Director, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, for his encouragement and support. One of the authors, CRR would like to thank MAHE for providing financial support under Dr. TMA Pai Structured Phd Scheme and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Goverment of India, for providing Senior Research Fellowship (Sanction No-5/3/8/ITR-F/2018-ITR).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, The Author(s).
PY - 2022/5
Y1 - 2022/5
N2 - Neurodegenerative diseases might be slow but relentless, as we continue to fail in treating or delaying their progression. Given the complexity in the pathogenesis of these diseases, a broad-acting approach like photobiomodulation can prove promising. Photobiomodulation (PBM) uses red and infrared light for therapeutic benefits, working by stimulating growth and proliferation. The implications of photobiomodulation have been studied in several neurodegenerative disease models. It has been shown to improve cell survival, decrease apoptosis, alleviate oxidative stress, suppress inflammation, and rescue mitochondrial function. In in vivo models, it has reportedly preserved motor and cognitive skills. Beyond mitochondrial stimulation, the molecular mechanisms by which photobiomodulation protects against neurodegeneration have not been very well studied. This review has systematically been undertaken to study the effects of photobiomodulation at a molecular level and identify the different biochemical pathways and molecular changes in the process. The data showed the involvement of pathways like extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein kinase B (Akt). In addition, the expression of several genes and proteins playing different roles in the disease mechanisms was found to be influenced by PBM, such as neurotrophic factors and secretases. Studying the literature indicated that PBM can be translated to a potential therapeutic tool, acting through a spectrum of mechanisms that work together to decelerate disease progression in the organism, which is difficult to achieve through pharmacological interventions.
AB - Neurodegenerative diseases might be slow but relentless, as we continue to fail in treating or delaying their progression. Given the complexity in the pathogenesis of these diseases, a broad-acting approach like photobiomodulation can prove promising. Photobiomodulation (PBM) uses red and infrared light for therapeutic benefits, working by stimulating growth and proliferation. The implications of photobiomodulation have been studied in several neurodegenerative disease models. It has been shown to improve cell survival, decrease apoptosis, alleviate oxidative stress, suppress inflammation, and rescue mitochondrial function. In in vivo models, it has reportedly preserved motor and cognitive skills. Beyond mitochondrial stimulation, the molecular mechanisms by which photobiomodulation protects against neurodegeneration have not been very well studied. This review has systematically been undertaken to study the effects of photobiomodulation at a molecular level and identify the different biochemical pathways and molecular changes in the process. The data showed the involvement of pathways like extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein kinase B (Akt). In addition, the expression of several genes and proteins playing different roles in the disease mechanisms was found to be influenced by PBM, such as neurotrophic factors and secretases. Studying the literature indicated that PBM can be translated to a potential therapeutic tool, acting through a spectrum of mechanisms that work together to decelerate disease progression in the organism, which is difficult to achieve through pharmacological interventions.
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U2 - 10.1007/s10571-020-01016-9
DO - 10.1007/s10571-020-01016-9
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33301129
AN - SCOPUS:85097490305
SN - 0272-4340
VL - 42
SP - 955
EP - 971
JO - Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
JF - Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
IS - 4
ER -