Thermal management systems for EV's and HEV's

Seeing how electric vehicles are the future of automobiles in general, it has become crucial to manage heat properly, so as to maximize the efficiency and range of the vehicle. Most complex systems use Li-Ion batteries as there are several advantages to this, such as maximize range, minimize weight and space used by batteries. The high power density of Li-Ions batteries allows it to be a perfect candidate for electric vehicles given the current state of technology. One of the conditions that comes with such a battery pack is its optimum operating temperature which lies between 15 and 30 degrees Celsius. The battery must have a thermal management system, either passive or active, wherein it always stays within this range. This paper aims to answer the major questions which deal with how to most effectively manage heat in an EV or HEV by comparing multiple solutions.