Tuberculosis in High-Risk Groups: A Narrative Review in High-Risk Groups

Introduction: Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a significant challenge to tuberculosis (TB) control efforts, necessitating innovative strategies for effective management. The co-infection of TB and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) introduces unique challenges, requiring an integrated approach for optimal patient outcomes. Pregnancy further complicates TB management, demanding considerations for both maternal and foetal health. Additionally, the coexistence of TB and diabetes mellitus (DM) amplifies the burden of both diseases. Methods: Major medical databases were searched to identify all studies investigating all original articles of tuberculosis with high-risk cases like (MDR-TB), diabetes, HIV and pregnancy. Extracted data consisted of risk, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management and prevention of TB in these high-risk cases. Around 45 articles related to our review were scrutinised, analysed and read properly, and finally this review was created. Results: To prevent MDR-TB, emphasis should be on ensuring the cure of TB patients during their initial treatment, minimising the risk of resistance development. Intensive TB treatment contact could serve as a foundation for long-term diabetes management. Strengthened TB case finding and improved access to diagnosis and management of TB in agreement with worldwide/national recommendations are needed for enhancing the condition of life and survival of people living with HIV. Implementing preventive measures is crucial in regions with a high occurrence of TB. This includes regular examination of pregnant women for TB, mainly those in high-risk populations, and providing appropriate prophylactic treatment when necessary. Conclusion: This review paper is a comprehensive overview of TB, addressing key dimensions such as MDR-TB. the complex relationship between TB and HIV, the effect of TB on pregnancy, and the interaction of TB with diabetes mellitus. These cases should be analysed and dealt with vigilance to prevent complications.