Ureterdynamic Analysis of Multiple Peristaltic Waves on Variable Diameter Ureter

In ureter physiology, the peristaltic mechanism is involved in urine transport from the kidney to the bladder through the ureter. The constrictions in the ureter develop the critical regions for ureter disease. ANSYS-CFX is used to analyze the flow dynamics. Multiple peristalsis waves are made to propagate over the tapered ureter model to understand the formation of bolus and reflux effect. The effect of the peristaltic sinusoidal wave propagating along the tapered circular tube results in pressure, velocity, pressure gradient, and wall shear distribution inside the ureter. The maximum pressure is created by the urine bolus of the single wave as it flows in front of the ascending urine bolus. This creates a negative pressure gradient, which can lead to a reverse flow. The high wall shear stress may affect the function of the kidney and play an important role in various kidney diseases. In triple wave due to incomplete wave propagation at the end, the minimum pressure gradient is recorded at the neck region due to contraction in the area. Also, the velocity shows a reverse flow at the outlet and this may lead to some urinary infection in the ureter.