Yoga and mindfulness interventions for adolescents with lifestyle-related health risk factors: A systematic review

Background: Adolescents face multiple lifestyle-related health risk factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, substance use, and stress, which increase the risk of chronic diseases. Holistic interventions, such as yoga and mindfulness, may help address these interconnected risks. Objective: To systematically review evidence on the effects of yoga and mindfulness interventions for adolescents with lifestyle-related health risk factors. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Web of Science identified eligible studies. Interventions included yoga or mindfulness components; participants had at least one lifestyle-related health risk factor. Both randomised and non-randomised studies were included. Data extraction and bias assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers. Results: The review included seven studies that examined the effects of yoga and mindfulness interventions on adolescents with lifestyle-related health risk factors. Reported benefits spanned cardiovascular health, metabolic function, psychological well-being, substance use, and quality of life. Interventions were associated with improvements in blood pressure control, better management of diabetes, reductions in depressive symptoms, enhanced insulin sensitivity, decreased alcohol use, and improved social functioning. Some studies indicated positive trends in weight management. Overall, the interventions were well-received and feasible to implement, with strong participant engagement. However, differences in study designs, intervention formats, and methodological quality, along with risks of bias in some studies, limit the strength of the conclusions. Conclusion: Yoga and mindfulness interventions show promise for improving cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychological outcomes in adolescents with lifestyle-related health risks. Evidence supports their feasibility and acceptability, but further high-quality, long-term trials are needed to guide implementation in clinical and school settings.